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HIV/AIDS

Medically Reviewed

A viral infection that leads to immune system failure and opportunistic infections.

Overview

HIV/AIDS refers to the spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 T cells, weakening the immune response and making individuals vulnerable to infections and certain cancers. If left untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of the infection. With proper medical care, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV can be managed as a chronic condition, and many individuals live long, healthy lives.

Causes

HIV is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, which is transmitted through the exchange of certain bodily fluids. The main routes of transmission include:

  • Unprotected sexual contact: Vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person

  • Blood exposure: Sharing needles or syringes with someone who has HIV

  • Mother-to-child transmission: During childbirth or breastfeeding

  • Contaminated blood products: Rare in countries with advanced blood screening protocols

HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food or drinks.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HIV infection vary depending on the stage of the disease:

1. Acute HIV infection (2–4 weeks after exposure):

  • Fever

  • Fatigue

  • Swollen lymph nodes

  • Sore throat

  • Muscle and joint pain

  • Rash

2. Clinical latency (chronic HIV):

This stage may last for years. The virus is still active but reproduces at low levels. People may not show symptoms but can still transmit the virus.

3. AIDS (Advanced HIV):

  • Rapid weight loss

  • Persistent fever or night sweats

  • Extreme fatigue

  • Prolonged swelling of lymph glands

  • Diarrhea lasting more than a week

  • Opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumocystis pneumonia)

  • Neurological symptoms (confusion, memory loss)

Diagnosis

HIV is diagnosed through blood or saliva tests that detect HIV antibodies, antigens, or genetic material. Common diagnostic tests include:

  • Antibody/antigen combination tests (4th generation): Detect both HIV antibodies and p24 antigens

  • Nucleic acid tests (NATs): Detect viral RNA, often used in early infection

  • Rapid tests: Provide results within 30 minutes using fingerstick blood or oral fluid

Additional testing includes CD4 count, viral load (HIV RNA), and resistance testing to guide treatment decisions.

Treatment

There is no cure for HIV, but it is effectively managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART involves a combination of medications that suppress the virus, allowing the immune system to recover and prevent disease progression. Key components of treatment include:

  • Daily ART medication: Usually a combination of 2–3 antiretroviral drugs in one pill

  • Monitoring: Regular viral load and CD4 count testing to ensure treatment effectiveness

  • Prevention of opportunistic infections: Prophylactic medications as needed

  • Supportive care: Nutritional support, mental health services, and adherence counseling

Early initiation of ART significantly improves long-term outcomes and reduces the risk of HIV transmission.

Prognosis

With early diagnosis and consistent treatment, individuals with HIV can live long, healthy lives comparable to those without the infection. The progression to AIDS can be prevented with effective ART, and viral suppression greatly reduces the risk of transmission to others. Without treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS within 8–10 years on average, and survival after AIDS diagnosis is limited. Continued medical care, medication adherence, and healthy lifestyle choices are critical to maintaining a good prognosis.

Medical Disclaimer

The information provided on this page is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.